# 如何透過 PowerShell 快速建立 Hyper-V 伺服器中的虛擬機器 我現在已經很少在公司內部部署測試機的 VM 了，我通常都直接在 Azure 上面部署測試機，用完就砍掉，透過 Azure CLI 基本上兩分鐘就可以搞定一台，非常方便。不過，我們有個專案的測試機所需的負載比較大，開在雲端比較燒錢，所以還是在內部部署比較划算，但設定的步驟都快忘光了。這篇文章我打算記錄一下這個過程，提供日後參考之用。 ![Hyper-V Manager](https://stwillblogassets.blob.core.windows.net/files/images/external/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7780a1bc00a5348f8f03-178480793-d69115ac-3d01-447d-ba79-d4a3984eb887.png) ### 管理 VM 常用的 Cmdlets 1. 建立 VM ```powershell $VMName = 'Test1' $SWName = 'HV-MNA-LAN #01' $VMPath = 'D:\Hyper-V' $GiB = 1024*1024*1024 # 儲存建立的 VM 物件，可以方便後續進行設定 $VM = New-VM -Name $VMName -SwitchName $SWName -Path $VMPath ` -NewVHDPath "${VMPath}\${VMName}\Virtual Hard Disks\${VMName}.vhdx" ` -MemoryStartupBytes ([int64]8*$GiB) -Generation 1 -NewVHDSizeBytes ([int64]127*$GiB) ``` 取得 VM 物件 ```powershell $VM = Get-VM $VMName ``` > 注意: `Get-VM` 支援 [Wildcards](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_wildcards) (萬用支援)，所以針對一些特殊字元比較敏感，使用時要特別注意，必要時要用到 `` ` `` 跳脫字元。 取得所有虛擬機名稱包含「專案測試機」字樣的 VM ```powershell $VM = Get-VM '*專案測試機*' ``` 變更 VM 名稱 ```powershell $VM | Set-VM -NewVMName '[專案測試機] Test1' ``` 2. 設定 CPU 核心數 ```powershell $VM | Set-VMProcessor -Count 2 ``` 3. 設定 CPU 支援巢狀虛擬化 (Nested Virtualization) ```powershell $VM | Set-VMProcessor -ExposeVirtualizationExtensions $true ``` 4. 設定動態記憶體配置 (Dynamic Memory Allocation) ```powershell $VM | Set-VMMemory -DynamicMemoryEnabled $true ``` 5. 設定 DVD 光碟機掛載檔 ```powershell $VM | Get-VMDvdDrive | Set-VMDvdDrive -Path "E:\ISOs\en_windows_server_2016_updated_feb_2018_x64_dvd_11636692.iso" ``` 6. 啟動 VM ```powershell $VM | Start-VM ``` 7. 關閉 VM ```powershell $VM | Stop-VM -Force ``` 8. 刪除 VM ```powershell $VM | Remove-VM -Force ``` ### 快速開啟 VMC 連線 (`vmconnect.exe`) 我從 [Connecting to Hyper-V virtual machines with PowerShell](https://powershellmagazine.com/2012/10/11/connecting-to-hyper-v-virtual-machines-with-powershell/) 發現有人寫了一個相當方便的 Function 可以快速開啟 VMC 連接 VM，我就直接沿用了！ ```powershell function Connect-VM { [CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName = 'name')] param( [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'name')] [Alias('cn')] [System.String[]]$ComputerName = $env:COMPUTERNAME, [Parameter(Position = 0, Mandatory, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'name')] [Alias('VMName')] [System.String]$Name, [Parameter(Position = 0, Mandatory, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'id')] [Alias('VMId', 'Guid')] [System.Guid]$Id, [Parameter(Position = 0, Mandatory, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'inputObject')] [Microsoft.HyperV.PowerShell.VirtualMachine]$InputObject, [switch]$StartVM ) begin { Write-Verbose "Initializing InstanceCount, InstanceCount = 0" $InstanceCount = 0 } process { try { foreach ($computer in $ComputerName) { Write-Verbose "ParameterSetName is '$($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName)'" if ($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq 'name') { # Get the VM by Id if Name can convert to a guid if ($Name -as [guid]) { Write-Verbose "Incoming value can cast to guid" $vm = Get-VM -Id $Name -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue } else { $vm = Get-VM -Name $Name -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue } } elseif ($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName -eq 'id') { $vm = Get-VM -Id $Id -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue } else { $vm = $InputObject } if ($vm) { Write-Verbose "Executing 'vmconnect.exe $computer $($vm.Name) -G $($vm.Id) -C $InstanceCount'" vmconnect.exe $computer $vm.Name -G $vm.Id -C $InstanceCount } else { Write-Verbose "Cannot find vm: '$Name'" } if ($StartVM -and $vm) { if ($vm.State -eq 'off') { Write-Verbose "StartVM was specified and VM state is 'off'. Starting VM '$($vm.Name)'" Start-VM -VM $vm } else { Write-Verbose "Starting VM '$($vm.Name)'. Skipping, VM is not not in 'off' state." } } $InstanceCount += 1 Write-Verbose "InstanceCount = $InstanceCount" } } catch { Write-Error $_ } } } ``` 基本的使用方式大概有以下兩種： 1. 連接 VM ```powershell $VM | Connect-VM ``` 2. 連接 VM 並自動啟動 ```powershell $VM | Connect-VM -Start ``` ### 常用的 VM 組合技 1. 快速建立 Windows Server 2022 虛擬機器 ```powershell $VMName = 'Test1' $SWName = 'HV-MNA-LAN #01' $VMPath = 'D:\Hyper-V' $ISOPath = 'E:\ISOs\en-us_windows_server_2022_updated_june_2022_x64_dvd_ac918027.iso' $GiB = 1024*1024*1024 # 儲存建立的 VM 物件，可以方便後續進行設定 $VM = New-VM -Name $VMName -SwitchName $SWName -Path $VMPath ` -NewVHDPath "${VMPath}\${VMName}\Virtual Hard Disks\${VMName}.vhdx" ` -MemoryStartupBytes ([int64]8*$GiB) -Generation 1 -NewVHDSizeBytes ([int64]127*$GiB) $VM | Set-VMProcessor -Count 2 $VM | Set-VMProcessor -ExposeVirtualizationExtensions $true $VM | Set-VMMemory -DynamicMemoryEnabled $true $VM | Get-VMDvdDrive | Set-VMDvdDrive -Path $ISOPath $VM | Connect-VM -Start ``` 2. 快速建立 Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS 虛擬機器 ```powershell $VMName = 'Test1' $SWName = 'HV-MNA-LAN #01' $VMPath = 'D:\Hyper-V' $ISOPath = 'E:\ISOs\ubuntu-22.04-live-server-amd64.iso' $GiB = 1024*1024*1024 # 儲存建立的 VM 物件，可以方便後續進行設定 $VM = New-VM -Name $VMName -SwitchName $SWName -Path $VMPath ` -NewVHDPath "${VMPath}\${VMName}\Virtual Hard Disks\${VMName}.vhdx" ` -MemoryStartupBytes ([int64]8*$GiB) -Generation 1 -NewVHDSizeBytes ([int64]127*$GiB) $VM | Set-VMProcessor -Count 2 $VM | Set-VMProcessor -ExposeVirtualizationExtensions $true $VM | Set-VMMemory -DynamicMemoryEnabled $true $VM | Get-VMDvdDrive | Set-VMDvdDrive -Path $ISOPath $VM | Start-VM $VM | Connect-VM -Start ``` ### 相關連結 - [在巢狀虛擬化的虛擬機器中執行 Hyper-V](https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-tw/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/user-guide/nested-virtualization) - [Connecting to Hyper-V virtual machines with PowerShell](https://powershellmagazine.com/2012/10/11/connecting-to-hyper-v-virtual-machines-with-powershell/) - [PowerShell and Hyper-V: Using ISOs and Arrays](https://www.altaro.com/hyper-v/powershell-hyper-v-using-isos-and-arrays/)